1913 Supplementary Section: "New Words"

A.

||A*ba"si*a (?), n. [NL.; Gr. &?;- not + &?; a step.] (Med.) Inability to coördinate muscular actions properly in walking. -- A*ba"sic (#), a.

Ac"e*tol (?), n. [Acetic + - ol as in alcohol.] (Chem.) Methyl ketol; also, any of various homologues of the same.

||Ac`e*to*næ"mi*a, -ne"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL. See Acetone; Hæma-.] (Med.) A morbid condition characterized by the presence of acetone in the blood, as in diabetes.

||Ac`e*to*nu"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Acetone; Urine.] (Med.) Excess of acetone in the urine, as in starvation or diabetes.

||Ab"ge*ord`ne*ten*haus` (?), n. [G.] See Legislature, Austria, Prussia.

||A"bra (?), n. [Sp., a bay, valley, fissure.] A narrow pass or defile; a break in a mesa; the mouth of a cañon. [Southwestern U. S.]

Ab`re*ac"tion (?), n. [Pref. ab- + reaction, after G. Abreagirung.] (Psychotherapy) See Catharsis, below.

Ac`cla*ma"tion, n. In parliamentary usage, the act or method of voting orally and by groups rather than by ballot, esp. in elections; specif. (R. C. Ch.), the election of a pope or other ecclesiastic by unanimous consent of the electors, without a ballot.

Ace, n. A single point won by a stroke, as in handball, rackets, etc.; in tennis, frequently, a point won by a service stroke.

A*ce"qui*a (?), n. [Sp.] A canal or trench for irrigating land. [Sp. Amer.]

Ac`e*to*phe"none (?), n. [Acetic + phenyl + one.] (Chem.) A crystalline ketone, CH₃COC₆H₅, which may be obtained by the dry distillation of a mixture of the calcium salts of acetic and benzoic acids. It is used as a hypnotic under the name of hypnone.

||A` che*val" (?). [F., lit., on horseback.] Astride; with a part on each side; -- used specif. in designating the position of an army with the wings separated by some line of demarcation, as a river or road.

A position à cheval on a river is not one which a general willingly assumes.

Swinton.

A*chro"ma*tous (?), a. [See Ahromatic.] Lacking, or deficient in, color; as, achromatous blood.

A*chro"mic (?), a. [Gr. &?; colorless; &?; priv. + &?; color.] Free from color; colorless; as, in Physiol. Chem., the achromic point of a starch solution acted upon by an amylolytic enzyme is the point at which it fails to give any color with iodine.

Ac"id proc"ess. (Iron Metal.) That variety of either the Bessemer or the open-hearth process in which the converter or hearth is lined with acid, that is, highly siliceous, material. Opposed to basic process.

Ac`o*nit"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pert. to or designating a crystalline tribasic acid, &?;, obtained from aconite and other plants. It is a carboxyl derivative of itaconic acid.

Ac*tin"o*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -gram.] A record made by the actinograph.

||Ac`ti*no*my*co"sis (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) A chronic infectious disease of cattle and man due to the presence of Actinomyces bovis. It causes local suppurating tumors, esp. about the jaw. Called also lumpy jaw or big jaw. -- Ac`ti*no*my*cot"ic (#), a.

Ac*tin"o*phone (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + &?; voice.] (Physics) An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of the actinic, or ultraviolet, rays.

Ac*tin`o*phon"ic (?), a. (Physics) Pertaining to, or causing the production of, sound by means of the actinic, or ultraviolet, rays; as, actinophonic phenomena.

Ac`u*tor"sion (?), n. [L. acus needle + torsion.] (Med.) The twisting of an artery with a needle to arrest hemorrhage.

A*cyc"lic (?), a. [Pref. a- not + cyclic.] Not cyclic; not disposed in cycles or whorls; as: (a) (Bot.) Of a flower, having its parts inserted spirally on the receptacle. (b) (Org. Chem.) Having an open-chain structure; aliphatic.

Ac"yl (?), n. [Acid + - yl.] (Org. Chem.) An acid radical, as acetyl, malonyl, or benzoyl.

Ad*dress", v. t. -- To address the ball (Golf), to take aim at the ball, adjusting the grip on the club, the attitude of the body, etc., to a convenient position.

Ad"e*noid (?), n. (Med.) A swelling produced by overgrowth of the adenoid tissue in the roof of the pharynx; -- usually in pl.

||Ad`e*no"ma (?), n.; L. pl. -mata (#). [NL.; adeno- + -oma.] (Med.) A benign tumor of a glandlike structure; morbid enlargement of a gland. -- Ad`e*nom"a*tous (&?;), a.

Ad"e*nop"a*thy (?), n. [Adeno- + Gr. &?; suffering, &?; to suffer.] (Med.) Disease of a gland.

||Ad"e*no*scle*ro"sis (?), n. [NL.; adeno- + sclerosis.] (Med.) The hardening of a gland.

A"den ul"cer (?). [So named after Aden, a seaport in Southern Arabia, where it occurs.] (Med.) A disease endemic in various parts of tropical Asia, due to a specific microörganism which produces chronic ulcers on the limbs. It is often fatal. Called also Cochin China ulcer, Persian ulcer, tropical ulcer, etc.

||A`dios" (?), interj. [Sp., fr. L. ad to + deus god. Cf. Adieu.] Adieu; farewell; good-by; -- chiefly used among Spanish-speaking people.

&fist; This word is often pronounced å*dē"&osl;s, but the Spanish accent, though weak, is on the final syllable.

Ad`i*pog"e*nous (?), a. [See Adipose; -genous.] (Med.) Producing fat.

||Ad`i*pol"y*sis (?), n. [NL.; L. adeps, adipis, fat + Gr. &?; a loosing.] (Physiol.) The digestion of fats.

Ad`i*po*lyt"ic (?), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + Gr. &?; to loose.] (Chem.) Hydrolyzing fats; converting neutral fats into glycerin and free fatty acids, esp. by the action of an enzyme; as, adipolytic action.

||Ad`i*po"ma (?), n.; L. pl. -mata (#). [NL. See Adipose; -oma.] (Med.) A mass of fat found internally; also, a fatty tumor. -- Ad`i*pom"a*tous (&?;), a.

Ad"i*pose` (?), n. (Physiol.) The fat present in the cells of adipose tissue, composed mainly of varying mixtures of tripalmitin, tristearin, and triolein. It solidifies after death.

{ Adjusting plane or surface. } (Aëronautics) A small plane or surface, usually capable of adjustment but not of manipulation, for preserving lateral balance in an aëroplane or flying machine.

Ad*mit"tance, n. (Elec.) The reciprocal of impedance.

||A*do"be (?), n. 1. Earth from which unburnt bricks are made. [Western U. S.]

2. (Geol.) Alluvial and playa clays of desert and arid regions, differing from ordinary clays of humid regions in containing carbonates and other soluble minerals.

||Ad`o*na"i (?), n. [Heb. adōnāi, lit., my lord.] A Hebrew name for God, usually translated in the Old Testament by the word "Lord".

&fist; The later Jews used its vowel points to fill out the tetragrammaton Yhvh, or Ihvh, "the incommunicable name," and in reading substituted "Adonai".

Ad*re"nal*ine (?), n. Also Ad*re"nal*in (&?;). (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline substance, C₉H₁₃O₃N, obtained from suprarenal extract, of which it is regarded as the active principle. It is used in medicine as a stimulant and hemostatic.

Ad*su"ki bean (?). [Jap. adzuki.] A cultivated variety of the Asiatic gram, now introduced into the United States.

Ad"u*rol (?), n. (Photog.) Either of two compounds, a chlorine derivative and bromine derivative, of hydroquinone, used as developers.

Ad*van"cing edge. (Aëronautics) The front edge (in direction of motion) of a supporting surface; -- contr. with following edge, which is the rear edge.

Ad*van"cing sur"face. (Aëronautics) The first of two or more surfaces arranged in tandem; -- contr. with following surface, which is the rear surface.

Æ*ol"ic, a. [L. Aeolus, Gr. &?;, name of the god of the winds.] (Phys. Geog.) Pertaining to, caused by, or designating, the action of the wind in modifying the earth's surface; as, æolic erosion; æolic sand. [Written also eolic.]

A"ër*a`tor (?), n. That which supplies with air or gas; specif.: (a) An apparatus used for charging mineral waters with gas and in making soda water. (b) A fumigator used to bleach grain, destroying fungi and insects.

{ A"ër*en`chym (?), ||A`ër*en"chy*ma (?) }, n. [NL. aërenchyma. See Aëro-; Enchyma.] (Bot.) A secondary respiratory tissue or modified periderm, found in many aquatic plants and distinguished by the large intercellular spaces.

A*ë`ri*al rail"way`. (a) A stretched wire or rope elevated above the ground and forming a way along which a trolley may travel, for conveying a load suspended from the trolley. (b) An elevated cableway.

A*ë"ri*al sick"ness. A sickness felt by aëronauts due to high speed of flights and rapidity in changing altitudes, combining some symptoms of mountain sickness and some of seasickness.

A"ër*o (?), n. An aëroplane, airship, or the like. [Colloq.]

A`ër*o"bic (?), a. (Biol.) Growing or thriving only in the presence of oxygen; also, pertaining to, or induced by, aërobies; as, aërobic fermentation. -- A`ër*o"bic*al*ly (#), adv.

A"ër*o*boat` (?), n. [Aëro- + boat.] A form of hydro- aëroplane; a flying boat.

A"ër*o*bus` (?), n. [Aëro- + bus.] An aëroplane or airship designed to carry passengers.

A"ër*o*club` (?), n. [Aëro- + club.] A club or association of persons interested in aëronautics.

A"ër*o*curve` (?), n. [Aëro- + curve.] (Aëronautics) A modification of the aëroplane, having curved surfaces, the advantages of which were first demonstrated by Lilienthal.

A`ë*ro*do*net"ics (?), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; shaken, &?; to shake.] (Aëronautics) The science of gliding and soaring flight.

A"ë*ro*drome` (?), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; a running.] (Aëronautics) (a) A shed for housing an airship or aëroplane. (b) A ground or field, esp. one equipped with housing and other facilities, used for flying purposes. -- A`ër*o*drom"ic (#), a.

A"ër*o*foil` (?), n. [Aëro- + foil.] A plane or arched surface for sustaining bodies by its movement through the air; a spread wing, as of a bird.

A"ër*o*gun` (?), n. [Aëro- + gun.] A cannon capable of being trained at very high angles for use against aircraft.

A`ër*o*me*chan"ic (?), n. A mechanic or mechanician expert in the art and practice of aëronautics.

{ A`ër*o*me*chan"ic (?), A`ër*o*me*chan"ical (?) }, a. Of or pert. to aëromechanics.

A`ër*o*me*chan"ics (?), n. The science of equilibrium and motion of air or an aëriform fluid, including aërodynamics and aërostatics.

A"ër*o*nat` (?), n. [F. aéronat. See Aëro-; Natation.] A dirigible balloon.

A"ër*o*nef` (?), n. [F. aéronef.] A power-driven, heavier-than-air flying machine.

A"ër*o*phone` (?), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; voice.] (a) A form of combined speaking and ear trumpet. (b) An instrument, proposed by Edison, for greatly intensifying speech. It consists of a phonograph diaphragm so arranged that its action opens and closes valves, producing synchronous air blasts sufficient to operate a larger diaphragm with greater amplitude of vibration.

A"ër*o*plane` (?), n. [Aëro- + plane.] (Aëronautics) A light rigid plane used in aërial navigation to oppose sudden upward or downward movement in the air, as in gliding machines; specif., such a plane slightly inclined and driven forward as a lifting device in some flying machines; hence, a flying machine using such a device. These machines are called monoplanes, biplanes, triplanes, or quadruplanes, according to the number of main supporting planes used in their constraction. Being heavier than air they depend for their levitation on motion imparted by one or more propellers actuated by a gasoline engine. They start from the ground by a run on small wheels or runners, and are guided by a steering apparatus consisting of horizontal and vertical movable planes. There are many varieties of form and construction, which in some cases are known by the names of their inventors.

A"ër*o*plan`ist (?), n. One who flies in an aëroplane.

A"ër*o*stat (?), n. (Aëronautics) A passive balloon; a balloon without motive power.

A`ër*o*sta"tion (?), n. That part of aëronautics that deals with passive balloons.

||A"ër*o*tax`is (?), n. [NL. See Aëro-; Taxis.] (Bacteriology) The positive or negative stimulus exerted by oxygen on aërobic and anaërobic bacteria. -- A`ër*o*tac"tic (#), a.

A`ër*o*ther`a*pen"tics (?), n. [Aëro- + therapeutics.] (Med.) Treatment of disease by the use of air or other gases.

A"ër*o*yacht` (?), n. [Aëro- + yacht.] A form of hydro- aëroplane; a flying boat.

||Æ"sir (?), n. pl. [Icel., pl. of āss god.] In the old Norse mythology, the gods Odin, Thor, Loki, Balder, Frigg, and the others. Their home was called Asgard.

Af*fect" (?), n. (Psychotherapy) The emotional complex associated with an idea or mental state. In hysteria, the affect is sometimes entirely dissociated, sometimes transferred to another than the original idea.

||Af`fiche" (?), n. [F., fr. afficher to affix.] A written or printed notice to be posted, as on a wall; a poster; a placard.

Af"fri*cate (?), n. [L. affricatus, p. p. of affricare to rub against; af- = ad- + fricare to rub.] (Phon.) A combination of a stop, or explosive, with an immediately following fricative or spirant of corresponding organic position, as pf in german Pfeffer, pepper, z (= ts) in German Zeit, time.

A*float", adv. & a. Covered with water bearing floating articles; flooded; as, the decks are afloat.

A. F. of L. (Abbrev.) American Federation of Labor.

Aft"er*sen*sa`tion (?), n. (Psychol.) A sensation or sense impression following the removal of a stimulus producing a primary sensation, and reproducing the primary sensation in positive, negative, or complementary form. The aftersensation may be continuous with the primary sensation or follow it after an interval.

A`gar-a"gar (?), n. A gelatinlike substance, or a solution of it, prepared from certain seaweeds containing gelose, and used in the artificial cultivation of bacteria; -- often called agar, by abbreviation.

Age, n. In poker, the right belonging to the player to the left of the dealer to pass the first round in betting, and then to come in last or stay out; also, the player holding this position; the eldest hand.

Ag*grade" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrading.] (Phys. Geog.) To bring, or tend to bring, to a uniform grade, or slope, by addition of material; as, streams aggrade their beds by depositing sediment.

||Ag"nus Scyth"i*cus (?). [L., Scythian lamb.] (Bot.) The Scythian lamb, a kind of woolly-skinned rootstock. See Barometz.

Ag"ro*tech`ny (?), n. [Gr. &?; field, land + &?; an art.] That branch of agriculture dealing with the methods of conversion of agricultural products into manufactured articles; agricultural technology.

Ai"le*ron (?), n. [F., dim. of aile wing.] 1. A half gable, as at the end of a penthouse or of the aisle of a church.

2. (Aëronautics) A small plane or surface capable of being manipulated by the pilot of a flying machine to preserve or destroy lateral balance; a hinged wing tip; a lateral stabilizing or balancing plane.

Air brush. A kind of atomizer for applying liquid coloring matter in a spray by compressed air.

Air cooling. In gasoline-engine motor vehicles, the cooling of the cylinder by increasing its radiating surface by means of ribs or radiators, and placing it so that it is exposed to a current of air. Cf. Water cooling. -- Air"- cooled`, a.

Air"craft` (?), n. sing. & pl. Any device, as a balloon, aëroplane, etc., for floating in, or flying through, the air.

Air gap. (Physics) An air-filled gap in a magnetic or electric circuit; specif., in a dynamo or motor, the space between the field-magnet poles and the armature; clearance.

Air hole. (Aëronautics) A local region in the atmosphere having a downward movement and offering less than normal support for the sustaining surfaces of a flying machine.

Air line. A path through the air made easy for aërial navigation by steady winds.

Air"man (?), n. A man who ascends or flies in an aircraft; a flying machine pilot.

Air"man*ship (?), n. Art, skill, or ability in the practice of aërial navigation.

Air"ol (?), n. (Pharm.) A grayish green antiseptic powder, consisting of a basic iodide and gallate of bismuth, sometimes used in place of iodoform. [A Trademark]

Air`sick` (?), a. Affected with aërial sickness. -- Air"sick`ness, n.

Air"wom`an (?), n. A woman who ascends or flies in an aircraft.

||Aj"a*va (?), n. (Bot.) See Ajouan.

{ ||Aj"ou*an ||Aj"ow*an } (?), n. [Written also ajwain.] [Prob. native name.] (Bot.) The fruit of Ammi Copticum, syn. Carum Ajowan, used both as a medicine and as a condiment. An oil containing thymol is extracted from it. Called also Javanee seed, Javanese seed, and ajava.

||A*la"li*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; a talking; cf. &?; speechless.] (Med.) Inability to utter articulate sounds, due either to paralysis of the larynx or to that form of aphasia, called motor, or ataxis, aphasia, due to loss of control of the muscles of speech.

Al"bert ware. A soft ornamental terra-cotta pottery, sold in the biscuit state for decorating.

Alb Sunday. (Eccl.) The first Sunday after Easter Sunday, properly Albless Sunday, because in the early church those who had been baptized on Easter eve laid aside on the following Saturday their white albs which had been put on after baptism.

||Al*bu`mi*no"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. E. albumin.] (Med.) A morbid condition due to excessive increase of albuminous elements in the blood.

Al*cade" (?), n. Var. of Alcaid.

||Al`cal*di"a (?), n. [Sp. Alcaldía.] The jurisdiction or office of an alcalde; also, the building or chamber in which he conducts the business of his office.

||Al`cor*no"que (?), n. [Sp., cork tree.] The bark of several trees, esp. of Bowdichia virgilioides of Brazil, used as a remedy for consumption; of Byrsonima crassifolia, used in tanning; of Alchornea latifolia, used medicinally; or of Quercus ilex, the cork tree.

Al"der fly. 1. Any of numerous neuropterous insects of the genus Sialis or allied genera. They have aquatic larvæ, which are used for bait.

2. (Angling) An artificial fly with brown mottled wings, body of peacock harl, and black legs.

Al"dol (?), n. [Aldehyde + - ol as in alcohol.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, C₄H₈O₂, obtained by condensation of two molecules of acetaldehyde: CH3CHO + CH3CHO = H3CH(OH)CH2CO; also, any of various derivatives of this. The same reaction has been applied, under the name of aldol condensation, to the production of many compounds.

||Al"em (?), n. [Turk. 'alem, fr. Ar. 'alam.] (Mil.) The imperial standard of the Turkish Empire.

{ A*lep"po boil, button, or evil }. (Med.) A chronic skin affection terminating in an ulcer, most commonly of the face. It is endemic along the Mediterranean, and is probably due to a specific bacillus. Called also Aleppo ulcer, Biskara boil, Delhi boil, Oriental sore, etc.

Aleppo grass. (Bot.) One of the cultivated forms of Andropogon Halepensis (syn. Sorghum Halepense). See Andropogon, below.

A*leu"ro*nat (?), n. [See Aleurone.] Flour made of aleurone, used as a substitute for ordinary flour in preparing bread for diabetic persons.

||A*lex"i*a (?), n. [NL.; a- not + Gr. &?; speech, fr. &?; to speak, confused with L. legere to read.] (Med.) (a) As used by some, inability to read aloud, due to brain disease. (b) More commonly, inability, due to brain disease, to understand written or printed symbols although they can be seen, as in case of word blindness.

{ ||Al*fil`e*ri"a , ||Al*fil`e*ril"la } (?), n. [Mex. Sp., fr. Sp. alfiler pin.] Same as Alfilaria.

||Al*for"ja (?), n. [Also alfarga, alforge.] [Sp.] A saddlebag. [Sp. Amer.]

Al"gin (?), n. (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance resembling gelatin, obtained from certain algæ.

Al*gom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; pain + -meter.] (Psychol.) An instrument for measuring sensations of pain due to pressure. It has a piston rod with a blunted tip which is pressed against the skin. -- Al*gom"e*try (#), n. -- Al`go*met"ric (#), *met"ric*al (#), a. -- Al`go*met"ric*al*ly, adv.

Al*gon"ki*an (?), a. 1. Var. of Algonquian.

2. (Geol.) Pertaining to or designating a period or era recognized by the United States Geological Survey and some other authorities, between the Archæan and the Paleozoic, from both of which it is generally separated in the record by unconformities. Algonkian rocks are both sedimentary and igneous. Although fossils are rare, life certainly existed in this period. -- n. The Algonkian period or era, or system or group of systems.

Al*gon"qui*an (?), a. Pertaining to or designating the most extensive of the linguistic families of North American Indians, their territory formerly including practically all of Canada east of the 115th meridian and south of Hudson's Bay and the part of the United States east of the Mississippi and north of Tennessee and Virginia, with the exception of the territory occupied by the northern Iroquoian tribes. There are nearly 100,000 Indians of the Algonquian tribes, of which the strongest are the Ojibwas (Chippewas), Ottawas, Crees, Algonquins, Micmacs, and Blackfeet. -- n. An Algonquian Indian.

Al`i*phat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, oil, fat.] (Org. Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, fat; fatty; -- applied to compounds having an openc-hain structure. The aliphatic compounds thus include not only the fatty acids and other derivatives of the paraffin hydrocarbons, but also unsaturated compounds, as the ethylene and acetylene series.

Al"ka*li (?), n. Soluble mineral matter, other than common salt, contained in soils of natural waters. [Western U. S.]

Alkali flat. A sterile plain, containing an excess of alkali, at the bottom of an undrained basin in an arid region; a playa.

Alkali soil. Any one of various soils found in arid and semiarid regions, containing an unusual amount of soluble mineral salts which effloresce in the form of a powder or crust (usually white) in dry weather following rains or irrigation. The basis of these salts is mainly soda with a smaller amount of potash, and usually a little lime and magnesia. Two main classes of alkali are commonly distinguished: black alkali, which may be any alkaline carbonate, but which practically consists of sodium carbonate (sal soda), which is highly corrosive and destructive to vegetation; and white alkali, characterized by the presence of sodium sulphate (Glauber's salt), which is less injurious to vegetation. Black alkali is so called because water containing it dissolves humus, forming a dark-colored solution which, when it collects in puddles and evaporates, produces characteristic black spots.

Alkali waste. Waste material from the manufacture of alkali; specif., soda waste.

Al`le*ghe"ni*an (?), a. Also Al`le*gha"ni*an. (Biogeography) Pertaining to or designating the humid division of the Transition zone extending across the northern United States from New England to eastern Dakota, and including also most of Pennsylvania and the mountainous region as far south as northern Georgia.

Al"le*ghe`ny (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Allegheny Mountains, or the region where they are situated. Also Al"le*gha`ny.

2. [From the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania.] (Geol.) Pertaining to or designating a subdivision of the Pennsylvanian coal measure.

Al*le"lo*morph (?), n. [Gr. &?; of one another + Gr. &?; form.] (Biol.) One of the pure unit characters commonly existing singly or in pairs in the germ cells of Mendelian hybrids, and exhibited in varying proportion among the organisms themselves. Allelomorphs which under certain circumstances are themselves compound are called hypallelomorphs. See Mendel's law. -- Al*le`lo*mor"phic (#), a.

As we know that the several unit characters are of such a nature that any one of them is capable of independently displacing or being displaced by one or more alternative characters taken singly, we may recognize this fact by naming such characters allelomorphs.

Bateson.

Al"li*ga`tor wrench. (Mech.) A kind of pipe wrench having a flaring jaw with teeth on one side.

Al`lo*troph"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; other + trophic.] (a) (Physiol.) Changed or modified in nutritive power by the process of digestion. (b) (Plant Physiol.) Dependent upon other organisms for nutrition; heterotrophic; -- said of plants unable to perform photosynthesis, as all saprophytes; -- opposed to autotrophic.

Al"loy steel. Any steel containing a notable quantity of some other metal alloyed with the iron, usually chromium, nickel, manganese, tungsten, or vanadium.

Al*lu"vi*al (?), n. Alluvial soil; specif., in Australia, gold-bearing alluvial soil.

Al"pen*glow` (?), n. A reddish glow seen near sunset or sunrise on the summits of mountains; specif., a reillumination sometimes observed after the summits have passed into shadow, supposed to be due to a curving downward (refraction) of the light rays from the west resulting from the cooling of the air.

{ Al"pen*horn` (?), Alp"horn` }, n. [G. Alpenhorn.] A curved wooden horn about three feet long, with a cupped mouthpiece and a bell, used by the Swiss to sound the ranz des vaches and other melodies. Its notes are open harmonics of the tube.

Al*pes"trine (?), a. (Bot.) Growing on the elevated parts of mountains, but not above the timbe&?; line; subalpine.

Al"pha pa"per. (Photog.) A sensitized paper for obtaining positives by artificial light. It is coated with gelatin containing silver bromide and chloride. [Eng.]

Alpha rays. (Physics & Chem.) Rays of relatively low penetrating power emitted by radium and other radioactive substances, and shown to consist of positively charged particles (perhaps particles of helium) having enormous velocities but small masses. They are slightly deflected by a strong magnetic or electric field.

Al"phol (?), n. [Alpha- + - ol as in alcohol.] (Pharm.) A crystalline derivative of salicylic acid, used as an antiseptic and antirheumatic.

||Al`ter`nat" (?), n. [F.] A usage, among diplomats, of rotation in precedence among representatives of equal rank, sometimes determined by lot and at other times in regular order. The practice obtains in the signing of treaties and conventions between nations.

Al"ter*nat`ing cur"rent. (Elec.) A current which periodically changes or reverses its direction of flow.

Al"ter*na`tor (?), n. (Elec.) An electric generator or dynamo for producing alternating currents.

||Al"thing (?), n. [Icel. (modern) alping, earlier alpingi; allr all + ping assembly. See All, and Thing.] The national assembly or parliament of Iceland. See Thing, n., 8.

Al`to-cu"mu*lus (?), n. [L. altus high + L. & E. cumulus.] (Meteor.) A fleecy cloud formation consisting of large whitish or grayish globular cloudlets with shaded portions, often grouped in flocks or rows.

Al`to-stra"tus (?), n. [L. altus high + L. & E. stratus.] (Meteor.) A cloud formation similar to cirro-stratus, but heavier and at a lower level.

A*lu`mi*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Alumin-ium + -graphy.] Art or process of producing, and printing from, aluminium plates, after the manner of ordinary lithography. -- A*lu`mi*no*graph"ic (#), a.

Al"ve*o*lar (?), a. (Phon.) Articulated with the tip of the tongue pressing against the alveolar processes of the upper front teeth.

||Am`a*ni"ta (?), n. [NL. See Amanitine.] (Bot.) A genus of poisonous fungi of the family Agaricaceæ, characterized by having a volva, an annulus, and white spores. The species resemble edible mushrooms, and are frequently mistaken for them. Amanita muscaria, syn. Agaricus muscarius, is the fly amanita, or fly agaric; and A. phalloides is the death cup.

{ Am*ba"ry (?), n., or Ambary hemp }. [Hind. ambārā, ambārī.] A valuable East Indian fiber plant (Hibiscus cannabinus), or its fiber, which is used throughout India for making ropes, cordage, and a coarse canvas and sackcloth; -- called also brown Indian hemp.

Am*boy"na but"ton. (Med.) A chronic contagious affection of the skin, prevalent in the tropics.

Amboyna pine. (Bot.) The resiniferous tree Agathis Dammara, of the Moluccas.

Am*bro"sia (?), n. (Zoöl.) The food of certain small bark beetles, family Scolytidæ believed to be fungi cultivated by the beetles in their burrows.

Ambrosia beetle. (Zoöl.) A bark beetle that feeds on ambrosia.

A*mer"i*can plan. In hotels, aplan upon which guests pay for both room and board by the day, week, or other convenient period; -- contrasted with European plan.

A*mer"i*can Pro*tect"ive As*so`ci*a"tion. A secret organization in the United States, formed in Iowa in 1887, ostensibly for the protection of American institutions by keeping Roman Catholics out of public office. Abbrev. commonly to A. P .A.

Am"i*dol (?), n. [Amide + - ol as in alcohol.] (Photog. & Chem.) A salt of a diamino phenol, C₆H₃(OH)(NH₂)₂, used as a developer.

||A*mi"go (?), n.; pl. Amigos (#). [Sp., fr. L. amicus.] A friend; -- a Spanish term applied in the Philippine Islands to friendly natives.

Am"i*nol (?), n. [From amine.] (Pharm.) A colorless liquid prepared from herring brine and containing amines, used as a local antiseptic.

Am"ish (?), n. pl. [Written also Omish.] (Eccl. Hist.) The Amish Mennonites.

Am"ish, a. [Written also Omish.] (Eccl. Hist.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, the followers of Jacob Amman, a strict Mennonite of the 17th century, who even proscribed the use of buttons and shaving as "worldly conformity". There are several branches of Amish Mennonites in the United States.

||Am`i*to"sis (?), n. [NL. See A- not, and Mitosis.] (Biol.) Cell division in which there is first a simple cleavage of the nucleus without change in its structure (such as the formation of chromosomes), followed by the division of the cytoplasm; direct cell division; -- opposed to mitosis. It is not the usual mode of division, and is believed by many to occur chiefly in highly specialized cells which are incapable of long-continued multiplication, in transitory structures, and in those in early stages of degeneration.

Am`i*tot"ic (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to amitosis; karyostenotic; -- opposed to mitotic.

Am"mo*nal` (?), n. [Ammonium + aluminium.] An explosive consisting of a mixture of powdered aluminium and nitrate of ammonium.

Am`mo*ni"a*cal fer`men*ta"tion. Any fermentation process by which ammonia is formed, as that by which urea is converted into ammonium carbonate when urine is exposed to the air.

||A*mo"le (?), n. [Mex.] (Bot.) Any detergent plant, or the part of it used as a detergent, as the roots of Agave Americana, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, etc. [Sp. Amer. & Mex.]

||Am`pe*lop"sis (ăm`p&esl;*l&obreve;p"s&ibreve;s), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`mpelos vine + 'o`psis appearance.] (Bot.) A genus formerly including the Virginia creeper.

Am*per"age (?), n. (Elec.) The strength of a current of electricity carried by a conductor or generated by a machine, measured in ampères.

Am`père" foot. (Elec.) A unit, employed in calculating fall of pressure in distributing mains, equivalent to a current of one ampère flowing through one foot of conductor.

Ampère hour. (Elec.) The quantity of electricity delivered in one hour by a current whose average strength is one ampère. It is used as a unit of quantity, and is equal to 3600 coulombs. The terms Ampère minute and Ampère second are sometimes similarly used.

Ampère turn. (Elec.) A unit equal to the product of one complete convolution (of a coiled conductor) into one ampère of current; thus, a conductor having five convolutions and carrying a current of half an ampère is said to have 2½ ampère turns. The magnetizing effect of a coil is proportional to the number of its ampère turns.

||Amt (?), n.; pl. Amter (#), E. Amts (#). [Dan. & Norw., fr. G.] An administrative territorial division in Denmark and Norway.

Each of the provinces [of Denmark] is divided into several amts, answering . . . to the English hundreds.

Encyc. Brit.

Am"vis (?), n. [Ammonium (nitrate) + L. vis strength, force.] An explosive consisting of ammonium nitrate, a derivative of nitrobenzene, chlorated napthalene, and wood meal.

||A*myg"da*la (&adot;*m&ibreve;g"d&adot;*l&adot;), n.; pl. -læ (-lē). [L., an almond, fr. Gr. 'amygda`lh. See Almond.] 1. An almond.

2. (Anat.) (a) One of the tonsils of the pharynx. (b) One of the rounded prominences of the lower surface of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum, each side of the vallecula.

Am"yl al"co*hol. (Org. Chem.) Any of eight isomeric liquid compounds, C₅H₁₁OH; ordinarily, a mixture of two of these forming a colorless liquid with a peculiar cough-exciting odor and burning taste, the chief constituent of fusel oil. It is used as a source of amyl compounds, such as amyl acetate, amyl nitrite, etc.

Amyl nitrite. A yellowish oily volatile liquid, C₅H₁₁NO₂, used in medicine as a heart stimulant and a vasodilator. The inhalation of its vapor instantly produces flushing of the face.

A*myl"o*gen (?), n. [Amylum + -gen.] (Chem.) That part of the starch granule or granulose which is soluble in water.

Am`y*lo*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Amylum + genesis.] The formation of starch.

Am`y*lo*gen"ic (?), a. 1. Of or pert. to amylogen.

2. Forming starch; -- applied specif. to leucoplasts.

Am`y*lol"y*sis (?), n. [Amylum + Gr. &?; a loosing.] (Chem.) The conversion of starch into soluble products, as dextrins and sugar, esp. by the action of enzymes. -- Am`y*lo*lyt"ic (#), a.

Am`y*lom"e*ter (?), n. [Amylum + -meter.] Instrument for determining the amount of starch in a substance.

Am`y*lo*plas"tic (?), a. [Amylum + -plastic.] Starch-forming; amylogenic.

Am`y*lop"sin (?), n. [Amylum + Gr. &?; appearance.] (Physiol. Chem.) The diastase of the pancreatic juice.

An"a*branch (?), n. [Anastomosing + branch.] A branch of a river that reënters, or anastomoses with, the main stream; also, less properly, a branch which loses itself in sandy soil. [Australia]

Such branches of a river as after separation reunite, I would term anastomosing branches; or, if a word might be coined, anabranches, and the islands they form branch islands.

Col. Jackson.

{ ||An*a`ër*o"bi*a (?), An*a"ër*obes (?) }, n. pl. [NL. anaerobia; an-not + aëro- + Gr.&?; life.] (Bacteriol.) Anaërobic bacteria. They are called facultative anaërobia when able to live either in the presence or absence of free oxygen; obligate, or obligatory, anaërobia when they thrive only in its absence.

An*a`ë*rob"ic (?), a. [Pref. an- not + aërobic.] (Biol.) Not requiring air or oxygen for life; -- applied especially to those microbes to which free oxygen is unnecessary; anaërobiotic; -- opposed to aërobic.

{ An*al"gen (?), An*al"gene (?) }, n.} [Gr. &?; painless.] A crystalline compound used as an antipyretic and analgesic, employed chiefly in rheumatism and neuralgia. It is a complex derivative of quinoline.

An`a*mor"pho*scope (?), n. [Anamorphosis + -scope.] An instrument for restoring a picture or image distorted by anamorphosis to its normal proportions. It usually consists of a cylindrical mirror.

An`a*seis"mic (?), a. [Cf. Gr. &?; a shaking up and down.] Moving up and down; -- said of earthquake shocks.

An*as`tig*mat"ic (?), a. [Pref. an- not + astigmatic.] (Optics) Not astigmatic; -- said esp. of a lens system which consists of a converging lens and a diverging lens of equal and opposite astigmatism but different focal lengths, and sensibly free from astigmatism.

A*nas"to*mose (?), v. i. Of any channels or lines, to meet and unite or run into each other, as rivers; to coalesce; to interjoin.

An"chor es*cape"ment. (Horol.) (a) The common recoil escapement. (b) A variety of the lever escapement with a wide impulse pin.

Anchor light. (Naut.) The lantern shown at night by a vessel at anchor. International rules of the road require vessels at anchor to carry from sunset to sunrise a single white light forward if under 150 feet in length, and if longer, two such lights, one near the stern and one forward.

Anchor shot. (Billiards) A shot made with the object balls in an anchor space.

Anchor space. (Billiards) In the balk-line game, any of eight spaces, 7 inches by 3½, lying along a cushion and bisected transversely by a balk line. Object balls in an anchor space are treated as in balk.

Anchor watch. (Naut.) A detail of one or more men who keep watch on deck at night when a vessel is at anchor.

An"cil*la*ry ad*min`is*tra"tion. (Law) An administration subordinate to, and in aid of, the primary or principal administration of an estate.

An`dro*ceph"a*lous (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, man + &?; head.] Having a human head (upon an animal's body), as the Egyptian sphinx.

{ An`dro*di*œ"cious, -di*e"cious (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, man + E. diœcious.] (Bot.) Having perfect and staminate flowers on different plants. -- An`dro*di*œ"cism, -di*e"cism (#), n.

{ An"dro*mede (?), An"dro*med (?) }, n.} (Astron.) A meteor appearing to radiate from a point in the constellation Andromeda, -- whence the name.

&fist; A shower of these meteors takes place every year on November 27th or 28th. The Andromedes are also called Bielids, as they are connected with Biela's comet and move in its orbit.

||An`dro*po"gon (?), n. [NL.; Gr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + pw`gwn the beard.] (Bot.) A very large and important genus of grasses, found in nearly all parts of the world. It includes the lemon grass of Ceylon and the beard grass, or broom sedge, of the United States. The principal subgenus is Sorghum, including A. sorghum and A. halepensis, from which have been derived the Chinese sugar cane, the Johnson grass, the Aleppo grass, the broom corn, and the durra, or Indian millet. Several East Indian species, as A. nardus and A. schœnanthus, yield fragrant oils, used in perfumery.

||An`e*mo"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr.&?; wind.] A condition in the wood of some trees in which the rings are separated, as some suppose, by the action of high winds upon the trunk; wind shake.

{ ||An*er"gi*a , An"er*gy (?), } n. [NL. anergia, fr. Gr. &?;- not + &?; work.] Lack of energy; inactivity. -- An*er"gic (#), a.

||An`gi*o"ma (?), n.; L. pl. -omata (#). [NL.; angio- + -oma.] (Med.) A tumor composed chiefly of dilated blood or lymph vessels. -- An`gi*om"a*tous (#), a.

||An`gi*o*neu*ro"sis (?), n. [NL.; angio- + neurosis.] (Med.) Any disorder of the vasomotor system; neurosis of a blood vessel. -- An`gi*o*neu*rot"ic (#), a.

An`gi*op"a*thy (?), n. [Angio- + Gr. &?; disease.] (Med.) Disease of the vessels, esp. the blood vessels.

An"gle of en"try. (Aëronautics) The angle between the tangent to the advancing edge (of an aërocurve) and the line of motion; -- contrasted with angle of trail, which is the angle between the tangent to the following edge and the line of motion.

Angle of incidence. (Aëronautics) The angle between the chord of an aërocurve and the relative direction of the undisturbed air current.

An"glo-Ca*thol"i*cism (?), n. The belief of those in the Church of England who accept many doctrines and practices which they maintain were those of the primitive, or true, Catholic Church, of which they consider the Church of England to be the lineal descendant.

An*gus"ti*clave (ăn*gŭs"t&ibreve;*klāv), n. [L. angustus narrow + clavus a nail, a stripe.] (Rom. Antiq.) A narrow stripe of purple worn by the equites on each side of the tunic as a sign of rank.

An"i*lin*ism (?), n. [Aniline + -ism.] (Med.) A disease due to inhaling the poisonous fumes present in the manufacture of aniline.

An`i*mal"cu*lism (?), n. (Biol.) The theory that the spermatozoön and not the ovum contains the whole of the embryo; spermatism; -- opposed to ovism.

||An`i*so*co"ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; pupil.] (Med.) Inequality of the pupils of the eye.

An"i*sol (?), n. [Anisic + - ol.] (Chem.) Methyl phenyl ether, C₆H₅OCH₃, got by distilling anisic acid or by the action of methide on potassium phenolate.

||An`i*so*me*tro"pi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; measure + &?;, &?;, eye.] Unequal refractive power in the two eyes.

An"i*so*spore` (?), n. [Gr. &?; priv. + isospore.] (Biol.) A sexual spore in which the sexes differ in size; -- opposed to isospore.

An"i*syl (?), n. (Org. Chem.) (a) The univalent radical, CH₃OC₆H₄, of which anisol is the hydride. (b) The univalent radical CH₃OC₆H₄CH₂; as, anisyl alcohol. (c) The univalent radical CH₃OC₆H₄CO, of anisic acid.

||A*ni"to (?), n.; pl. - tos (#). [Sp.] In Guam and the Philippines, an idol, fetich, or spirit.

Ankh (?), n. [Egypt.] (Egypt. Archæol.) A tau cross with a loop at the top, used as an attribute or sacred emblem, symbolizing generation or enduring life. Called also crux ansata.

||An"kus (?), n. [Hind., fr. Skr. a&ndot;kuça.] An elephant goad with a sharp spike and hook, resembling a short-handled boat hook. [India] Kipling.

||An`ky*los*to*mi"a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Ankylostoma, var. of Agchylostoma, generic name of one genus of the parasitic nematodes.] (Med.) A disease due to the presence of the parasites Agchylostoma duodenale, Uncinaria (subgenus Necator) americana, or allied nematodes, in the small intestine. When present in large numbers they produce a severe anæmia by sucking the blood from the intestinal walls. Called also miner's anæmia, tunnel disease, brickmaker's anæmia, Egyptian chlorosis.

||An"laut` (?), n. [G.; an on + laut sound.] (Phon.) An initial sound, as of a word or syllable.

-- Im anlaut, initially; when initial; -- used of sounds.

An*nun`ci*a"tion lil"y (?). (Bot.) The common white lily (Lilium candidum). So called because it is usually introduced by painters in pictures of the Annunciation.

An`o*et"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; unthinkable; &?; priv. + &?; perceptible, thinkable.] 1. Unthinkable. [Rare]

2. (Psychol.) Not subject to conscious attention; having an indefinite, relatively passive, conscious being; characteristic of the "fringe" or "margin" of consciousness.

Presentation considered as having an existence relatively independent of thought, may be called sentience, or anoetic consciousness. Thought and sentience are fundamentally distinct mental functions.

G. F. Stout.

||A*noph"e*les (&adot;*n&obreve;f"&esl;*lēz), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'anwfelh`s useless, hurtful.] (Zoöl.) A genus of mosquitoes which are secondary hosts of the malaria parasites, and whose bite is the usual, if not the only, means of infecting human beings with malaria. Several species are found in the United States. They may be distinguished from the ordinary mosquitoes of the genus Culex by the long slender palpi, nearly equaling the beak in length, while those of the female Culex are very short. They also assume different positions when resting, Culex usually holding the body parallel to the surface on which it rests and keeping the head and beak bent at an angle, while Anopheles holds the body at an angle with the surface and the head and beak in line with it. Unless they become themselves infected by previously biting a subject affected with malaria, the insects cannot transmit the disease.

A*nor"tho*clase (?), n. [Gr. &?; priv. + orthoclase.] (Min.) A feldspar closely related to orthoclase, but triclinic. It is chiefly a silicate of sodium, potassium, and aluminium. Sp. gr., 2.57 -- 2.60.

||An`or*tho"pi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + ortho- + Gr. &?;, &?;, the eye.] (Med.) Distorted vision, in which straight lines appear bent.

A*nor"tho*site (?), n. [F. anorthose triclinic feldspar (fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; straight) + -ite.] (Petrol.) A granular igneous rock composed almost exclusively of a soda-lime feldspar, usually labradorite.

||An`ox*æ"mi*a, -e"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL.; Gr. &?; priv. + oxygen + Gr. &?; blood.] (Med.) An abnormal condition due to deficient aëration of the blood, as in balloon sickness, mountain sickness. -- An`ox*æ"mic, *e"mic (#), a.

Ant cow. (Zoöl.) Any aphid from which ants obtain honeydew.

An"te*choir` (?), n. (Arch.) (a) A space inclosed or reserved at the entrance to the choir, for the clergy and choristers. (b) Where a choir is divided, as in some Spanish churches, that division of it which is the farther from the sanctuary.

||An`te mor"tem (?). [L.] Before death; -- generally used adjectivelly; as, an ante-mortem statement; ante- mortem examination.

&fist; The ante-mortem statement, or dying declaration made in view of death, by one injured, as to the cause and manner of the injury, is often receivable in evidence against one charged with causing the death.

An*thoph"i*lous (?), a. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + fi`los loving.] (Zoöl.) Lit., fond of flowers; hence, feeding upon, or living among, flowers.

An"thra*cene oil (?). A heavy green oil (partially solidifying on cooling), which distills over from coal tar at a temperature above 270°. It is the principal source of anthracene.

An*thrac"nose` (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, carbuncle + &?; disease.] (Bot.) Any one of several fungus diseases, caused by parasitic species of the series Melanconiales, attacking the bean, grape, melon, cotton, and other plants. In the case of the grape, brown concave spots are formed on the stem and fruit, and the disease is called bird's-eye rot.

||An`thra*co"sis (?), n. [NL. See Anthrax.] (Med.) A chronic lung disease, common among coal miners, due to the inhalation of coal dust; -- called also collier's lung and miner's phthisis.

An"thrax vac"cine. (Veter.) A fluid vaccine obtained by growing a bacterium (Bacterium anthracis) in beef broth. It is used to immunize animals, esp. cattle.

An`thro*po*ge*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; man + geography.] The science of the human species as to geographical distribution and environment. Broadly, it includes industrial, commercial, and political geography, and that part of ethnology which deals with distribution and physical environment. -- An`thro*po*ge*og"ra*pher (#), n. -- An`thro*po*ge`o*graph"ic*al (#), a.

{ An`thro*po*nom"ics (?), An`thro*pon"o*my (?) }, n.} [Gr. &?; man + &?; usage, law, rule.] The science of the laws of the development of the human organism in relation to other organisms and to environment. -- An`thro*po*nom"ic*al (#), a.

An`thro*pop"a*thite (?), n. One who ascribes human feelings to deity.

An`ti*bac*te"ri*al (?), a. (Med.) (a) Inimical to bacteria; -- applied esp. to serum for protection against bacterial diseases. (b) Opposed to the bacterial theory of disease.

An"ti*bod`y (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) Any of various bodies or substances in the blood which act in antagonism to harmful foreign bodies, as toxins or the bacteria producing the toxins. Normal blood serum apparently contains variousantibodies, and the introduction of toxins or of foreign cells also results in the development of their specific antibodies.

An`ti*bu*bon"ic (?), a. Good or used against bubonic plague; as, antibubonic serum, obtained from immunized horses; antibubonic vaccine, a sterilized bouillon culture of the plague bacillus; antibubonic measures.

An"ti*cline (?), n. [See Anticlinal.] (Geol.) A structure of bedded rocks in which the beds on both sides of an axis or axial plane dip away from the axis; an anticlinal.

An`ti*co*her"er (?), n. (Wireless Teleg.) A device, one form of which consists of a scratched deposit of silver on glass, used in connection with the receiving apparatus for reading wireless signals. The electric waves falling on this contrivance increase its resistance several times. The anticoherer can be used in conjunction with a telephone.

An`ti*diph`the*rit"ic (?), a. (Med.) Destructive to, or hindering the growth of, diphtheria bacilli. -- n. An antidiphtheritic agent.

An`ti-im*pe"ri*al*ism (?), n. Opposition to imperialism; -- applied specif., in the United States, after the Spanish-American war (1898), to the attitude or principles of those opposing territorial expansion; in England, of those, often called Little Englanders, opposing the extension of the empire and the closer relation of its parts, esp. in matters of commerce and imperial defense. -- An`ti- im*pe"ri*al*ist, n. -- An`ti- im*pe`ri*al*is"tic (#), a.

An"ti*mon*soon" (?), n. (Meteor.) The upper, contrary-moving current of the atmosphere over a monsoon.

An"ti*pasch (?), n. [Pref. anti- + pasch.] (Eccl.) The Sunday after Easter; Low Sunday.

An`ti-Sem"i*tism (?), n. Opposition to, or hatred of, Semites, esp. Jews. -- An`ti-Sem"ite (#), n. -- An`ti-Sem*it"ic (#), a.

||An`ti*sep"sis (&?;), n. [NL. See Anti-; Sepsis.] Prevention of sepsis by excluding or destroying microorganisms.

An`ti*si*al"a*gogue (?), a. (Med.) Checking the flow of saliva.

An`ti*si*al"a*gogue, n. A remedy against excessive salivation.

An"ti-trade`, n. A westerly wind which blows nearly continuously between 30° and 50° of latitude in both the northern and the southern hemisphere.

An`ti*ve"nin (?), n. [Written also antivenen, antivenine.] [Pref. anti- + L. venenum poison.] (Physiol. Chem.) The serum of blood rendered antitoxic to a venom by repeated injections of small doses of the venom.

A*part"ment house. A building comprising a number of suites designed for separate housekeeping tenements, but having conveniences, such as heat, light, elevator service, etc., furnished in common; -- often distinguished in the United States from a flat house.

||A`per`çu" (&adot;`pâr`s&usdot;"), n.; pl. Aperçus (- s&usdot;"). [F., prop. p. p. of apercevoir to perceive.] 1. A first view or glance, or the perception or estimation so obtained; an immediate apprehension or insight, appreciative rather than analytic.

The main object being to develop the several aperçus or insights which furnish the method of such psychology.

W. T. Harris.

A series of partial and more or less disparate aperçus or outlooks; each for itself a center of experience.

James Ward.

2. Hence, a brief or detached view; conspectus; sketch.

A*pho"tic (&adot;*fō"t&ibreve;k), a. [Gr. 'a`fws, 'a`fwtos.] Without light.

Aphotic region. (Phytogeog.) A depth of water so great that only those organisms can exist that do not assimilate.

||A*phra"si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + fra`sis speech.] (Med.) (a) = Dumbness. (b) A disorder of speech in which words can be uttered but not intelligibly joined together.

A`pi*ol"o*gy (?), n. [L. apis bee + -logy.] The scientific or systematic study of honey bees.

A*plan`o*ga*mete" (?), n. (Bot.) A nonmotile gamete, found in certain lower algæ.

||A*pla"si*a (?), n. [NL.; Gr. &?; priv. + &?; a molding.] (Med.) Incomplete or faulty development.

Ap`neu*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; not blown through.] (Med.) Devoid of air; free from air; as, an apneumatic lung; also, effected by or with exclusion of air; as, an apneumatic operation.

A*poc"a*lypse (?), n. (Eccl.) One of a numerous class of writings proceeding from Jewish authors between 250 b. c. and 150 a. d., and designed to propagate the Jewish faith or to cheer the hearts of the Jewish people with the promise of deliverance and glory; or proceeding from Christian authors of the opening centuries and designed to portray the future.

Ap`o*chro*mat"ic (?), a. [Pref. apo- + chromatic.] (Optics) Free from chromatic and spherical aberration; -- said esp. of a lens in which rays of three or more colors are brought to the same focus, the degree of achromatism thus obtained being more complete than where two rays only are thus focused, as in the ordinary achromatic objective. -- Ap`o*chro"ma*tism (#), n.

Ap`o*co*de"ine (?), n. [Pref. apo- + codeine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid, &?;, prepared from codeine. In its effects it resembles apomorphine.

Ap`o*se*mat"ic (?), a. [Pref. apo- + sematic.] (Zoöl.) Having or designating conspicuous or warning colors or structures indicative of special means of defense against enemies, as in the skunk.

Ap`os*tol"ic del"e*gate. (R. C. Ch.) The diplomatic agent of the pope highest in grade, superior to a nuncio.

||Ap`pel" (?), n. [F., prop., a call. See Appeal, n.] (Fencing) A tap or stamp of the foot as a warning of intent to attack; -- called also attack.

{ Ap`pen*dec"to*my (?), Ap*pend`i*cec"to*my (?) }, n.} [Appendix + Gr. &?;, fr. &?; excision.] (Surg.) Excision of the vermiform appendix.

Ap*pen"dix, n. The vermiform appendix.

||Ap*pen"dix ver`mi*for"mis (?). [NL.] (Anat.) The vermiform appendix.

Ap*pos"a*ble (?), a. (Anat.) Capable of being apposed, or applied one to another, as the thumb to the fingers of the hand.

Ap*proach", n. (Golf) A stroke whose object is to land the ball on the putting green. It is made with an iron club.

||Ap`pui" (?), n. (Man.) The mutual bearing or support of the hand of the rider and the mouth of the horse through the bit and bridle. -- Point d'appui (&?;), any point of support or basis of operations, as a rallying point.

||A*ra"ba (?), n. [Written also aroba and arba.] [Ar. or Turk. 'arabah: cf. Russ. arba.] A wagon or cart, usually heavy and without springs, and often covered. [Oriental]

The araba of the Turks has its sides of latticework to admit the air

Balfour (Cyc. of India).

||Ar`a*ro"ba (?), n. [Tupi.] 1. Goa powder.

2. A fabaceous tree of Brazil (Centrolobium robustum) having handsomely striped wood; -- called also zebrawood.

Arc (ärk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arcked (ärkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Arcking.] (Elec.) To form a voltaic arc, as an electrical current in a broken or disconnected circuit.

Ar"chi*bald wheel (?). A metal-hubbed wheel of great strength and elasticity, esp. adapted for artillery carriages and motor cars.

Ar"cho*plasm (?), n. [See Archon; Plasma.] (Biol.) The substance from which attraction spheres develop in mitotic cell division, and of which they consist.

Arc light. (Elec.) The light of an arc lamp.

Ar`dois" sys"tem (?). (Naut.) A widely used system of electric night signals in which a series of double electric lamps (white and red) is arranged vertically on a mast, and operated from a keyboard below.

{ A*re"co*line (?), n. Also - lin }. [From NL. Areca, a genus of palms bearing betel nut.] An oily liquid substance, C₈H₁₃O₂N, the chief alkaloid of the betel nut, to which the latter owes its anthelmintic action.

||A`rête" (?), n. [F., lit., a sharp fish bone, ridge, sharp edge, fr. L. arista beard of grain.] (Geog.) An acute and rugged crest of a mountain range or a subsidiary ridge between two mountain gorges.

Ar`gen*ta"li*um (?), n. [NL.; L. argentum silver + E. aluminium.] A (patented) alloy of aluminium and silver, with a density of about 2.9.

{ Ar*gen"ta*mine (?), n. Also - min }. [L. argentum silver + E. amine.] (Med.) A solution of silver phosphate in an aqueous solution of ethylene diamine, used as an antiseptic astringent and as a disinfectant.

Ar"gon (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, neut. of &?; inactive; &?; priv. + &?; work.] (Chem.) A colorless, odorless gas occurring in the air (of which it constitutes 0.93 per cent by volume), in volcanic gases, etc.; -- so named on account of its inertness by Rayleigh and Ramsay, who prepared and examined it in 1894-95. Symbol, A; at. wt., 39.9. Argon is condensible to a colorless liquid boiling at -186.1° C. and to a solid melting at -189.6° C. It has a characteristic spectrum. No compounds of it are known, but there is physical evidence that its molecule is monatomic. Weight of one liter at 0° C. and 760 mm., 1.7828 g.

Ar"go*naut (?), n. One of those who went to California in search of gold shortly after it was discovered there in 1848. [U. S.] Bret Harte.

The "Argonauts of '49" were a strong, self- reliant, generous body of men.

D. S. Jordan.

A"ri*el (?), n. [Heb. ariël, perh. confused with E. aërial.] In the Cabala, a water spirit; in later folklore, a light and graceful spirit of the air.

&fist; In zoölogy, ariel is used adjectively of certain birds noted for their graceful flight; as, the ariel toucan; the ariel petrel.

Ar"il*lode (?), n. [Arillus + Gr. &?; form.] (Bot.) A false aril; an aril originating from the micropyle instead of from the funicle or chalaza of the ovule. The mace of the nutmeg is an arillode.

A*ris"to*type` (?), n. [Gr. &?; best + -type.] (Photog.) Orig., a printing-out process using paper coated with silver chloride in gelatin; now, any such process using silver salts in either collodion or gelatin; also, a print so made.

Ar*kose" (?), n. [F] (Petrog) A sandstone derived from the disintegration of granite or gneiss, and characterized by feldspar fragments. -- Ar*kos"ic (#), a.

Ar"ma*ture (?), n. (Elec.) That part of a dynamo or electric generator or of an electric motor in which a current is induced by a relatively moving magnetic field. The armature usually consists of a series of coils or groups of insulated conductors surrounding a core of iron.

Ar"mored cruis"er. (Nav.) A man-of-war carrying a large coal supply, and more or less protected from the enemy's shot by iron or steel armor. There is no distinct and accepted classification distinguishing armored and protected cruisers from each other, except that the first have more or heavier armor than the second.

Army organization. The system by which a country raises, classifies, arranges, and equips its armed land forces. The usual divisions are: (1) A regular or active army, in which soldiers serve continuously with the colors and live in barracks or cantonments when not in the field; (2) the reserves of this army, in which the soldiers, while remaining constantly subject to a call to the colors, live at their homes, being summoned more or less frequently to report for instruction, drill, or maneuvers; and (3) one or more classes of soldiers organized largely for territorial defense, living at home and having only occasional periods of drill and instraction, who are variously called home reserves (as in the table below), second, third, etc., line of defense (the regular army and its reserves ordinarily constituting the first line of defense), territorial forces, or the like. In countries where conscription prevails a soldier is supposed to serve a given number of years. He is usually enrolled first in the regular army, then passes to its reserve, then into the home reserves, to serve until he reaches the age limit. It for any reason he is not enrolled in the regular army, he may begin his service in the army reserves or even the home reserves, but then serves the full number of years or up to the age limit. In equipment the organization of the army is into the three great arms of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, together with more or less numerous other branches, such as engineers, medical corps, etc., besides the staff organizations such as those of the pay and subsistence departments.

{ ||Ar*naut" ||Ar*naout" } (?), n. [Turk. Arnaut, fr. NGr. &?;, for &?;.] An inhabitant of Albania and neighboring mountainous regions, specif. one serving as a soldier in the Turkish army.

Ar"oid (?), n. [Arum + - oid.] (Bot.) Any plant of the Arum family (Araceæ).

A*rol"la (&adot;*r&obreve;l"l&adot;), n. [F. arolle.] (Bot.) The stone pine (Pinus Cembra).

||Ar"rha (?), n.; pl. Arrhæ (#). [L. Cf. Earnest.] (Law) Money or other valuable thing given to evidence a contract; a pledge or earnest.

||Ar*te`ri*o*scle*ro"sis (är*tē`r&ibreve;*&osl;*skl&esl;*rō"s&ibreve;s), n. [Gr. 'arthri`a artery + sclerosis.] (Med.) Abnormal thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, esp. of the intima, occurring mostly in old age. -- Ar*te`ri*o*scle*rot"ic (#), a.

||Ar`thro*chon*dri"tis (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Chondritis of a joint.

||Ar*throd"e*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; joint + &?; a binding together.] (Surg.) Surgical fixation of joints.

Ar*throp"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?; joint + &?;, &?;, to suffer.] (Med.) Any disease of the joints.

Ar"thro*spore (?), n. [Gr. &?; joint + E. spore.] (Bacteriol.) A bacterial resting cell, - - formerly considered a spore, but now known to occur even in endosporous bacteria. -- Ar`thro*spor"ic (#), Ar*thros"po*rous (#), a.

Ar"thro*tome (?), n. [Gr. &?; joint + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) A strong scalpel used in the dissection of joints.

Ar*thu"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to King Arthur or his knights. J. R. Symonds.

In magnitude, in interest, and as a literary origin, the Arthurian invention dwarfs all other things in the book.

Saintsbury.

Ar"ti*fact (?), n. [L. ars, artis, art + facere, factum, to make.] 1. (Archæol.) A product of human workmanship; -- applied esp. to the simpler products of aboriginal art as distinguished from natural objects.

2. (Biol.) A structure or appearance in protoplasm due to death or the use of reagents and not present during life.

Ar*til"ler*y wheel. A kind of heavily built dished wheel with a long axle box, used on gun carriages, usually having 14 spokes and 7 felloes; hence, a wheel of similar construction for use on automobiles, etc.

||As`ca*ri"a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; an intestinal worm.] (Med.) A disease, usually accompanied by colicky pains and diarrhea, caused by the presence of ascarids in the gastrointestinal canal.

As"co*carp (?), n. [Gr. 'asko`s a bladder + karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) In ascomycetous fungi, the spherical, discoid, or cup-shaped body within which the asci are collected, and which constitutes the mature fructification. The different forms are known in mycology under distinct names. Called also spore fruit.

||As`co*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl. [NL.; ascus + Gr. &?;, &?;, fungus.] (Bot.) A large class of higher fungi distinguished by septate hyphæ, and by having their spores formed in asci, or spore sacs. It comprises many orders, among which are the yeasts, molds, mildews, truffles, morels, etc. -- As`co*my*ce"tous (#), a.

||A*se"mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; sign.] (Med.) Loss of power to express, or to understand, symbols or signs of thought.

||A*sep"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + sepsis.] State of being aseptic; the methods or processes of asepticizing.

A*sex`u*al*i*za"tion (?), n. [Asexual + -ize + -ation.] The act or process of sterilizing an animal or human being, as by vasectomy.

As"pect, n. (Aëronautics) A view of a plane from a given direction, usually from above; more exactly, the manner of presentation of a plane to a fluid through which it is moving or to a current. If an immersed plane meets a current of fluid long side foremost, or in broadside aspect, it sustains more pressure than when placed short side foremost. Hence, long narrow wings are more effective than short broad ones of the same area.

Aspect ratio. (Aëronautics) The ratio of the long to the short side of an aëroplane, aërocurve, or wing.

As"pi*rin (?), n. (Pharm.) A white crystalline compound of acetyl and salicylic acid used as a drug for the salicylic acid liberated from it in the intestines.

As"say pound. A small standard weight used in assaying bullion, etc., sometimes equaling 0.5 gram, but varying with the assayer.

Assay ton. A weight of 29.166 + grams used in assaying, for convenience. Since it bears the same relation to the milligram that a ton of 2000 avoirdupois pounds does to the troy ounce, the weight in milligrams of precious metal obtained from an assay ton of ore gives directly the number of ounces to the ton.

As*sem"ble, v. t. To collect and put together the parts of; as, to assemble a bicycle, watch, gun, or other manufactured article.

AS*sign" (?), v. i. (Law) To transfer or pass over property to another, whether for the benefit of the assignee or of the assignor's creditors, or in furtherance of some trust.

As"ta*tize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Astatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Astatizing.] (Magnetism) To render astatic.

As*tat"ki (?), n. [From Russ. ostatki remnants, pl. of ostatok.] A thick liquid residuum obtained in the distillation of Russian petroleum, much used as fuel.

As"ter, n. (Biol.) A star- shaped figure of achromatic substance found chiefly in cells dividing by mitosis.

As*ter"o*pe (?), n. [Gr. &?;, lit., lightning.] 1. (Myth.) One of the Pleiades; -- called also Sterope.

2. (Astron.) A double star in the Pleiades (21 k and 22 l Pleiadum, of the 5.8 and 6.4 magnitude respectively), appearing as a single star of the 5.3 magnitude to the naked eye.

Asth"ma pa"per. Paper impregnated with saltpeter. The fumes from the burning paper are often inhaled as an alleviative by asthmatics.

As"tral, a. 1. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to an aster; as, astral rays; astral sphere.

2. (Theosophy) Consisting of, belonging to, or designating, a kind of supersensible substance alleged to be next above the tangible world in refinement; as, astral spirits; astral bodies of persons; astral current.

As`tro*pho*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Pref. astro- + photometer.] (Astron.) A photometer for measuring the brightness of stars.

As`tro*pho*tom"e*try (?), n. (Astron.) The determination of the brightness of stars, and also of the sun, moon, and planets. -- As`tro*pho`to*met"ric*al (#), a.

As`tro*phys"ics (?), n. [Astro- + physics.] (Astron.) The science treating of the physical characteristics of the stars and other heavenly bodies, their chemical constitution, light, heat, atmospheres, etc.

&fist; Its observations are made with the spectroscope, bolometer, etc., usually in connection with the telescope.

A*syn"chro*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?; not + synchronous.] Not simultaneous; not concurrent in time; -- opposed to synchronous.

At`a*mas"co lil"y (?). [Atamasco is fr. North American Indian.] (Bot.) See under Lily.

{ A`te*lets" sauce (?) or ||Sauce` aux ha`te*lets" (?) }. [F. hâtelet skewer.] A sauce (such as egg and bread crumbs) used for covering bits of meat, small birds, or fish, strung on skewers for frying.

{ ||Ath`a*na"si*a (?), A*than"a*sy (?) }, n. [NL. athanasia, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; priv. + &?; death.] The quality of being deathless; immortality.

Is not a scholiastic athanasy better than none?

Lowell.

Ath"e*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Athetized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Athetizing (?).] [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; set aside, not fixed; &?; not + &?; to place.] To set aside or reject as spurious, as by marking with an obelus.

||A*threp"si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; priv. + &?; nourishment.] (Med.) Profound debility of children due to lack of food and to unhygienic surroundings. -- A*threp"tic (#), a.

At"las pow"der. A blasting powder or dynamite composed of nitroglycerin, wood fiber, sodium nitrate, and magnesium carbonate.

||At"man (?), n. [Skr. ātman.] (Hinduism) (a) The life principle, soul, or individual essence. (b) The universal ego from whom all individual atmans arise. This sense is a European excrescence on the East Indian thought.

At*mi"a*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; vapor + &?; medical treatment, healing.] Treatment of disease by vapors or gases, as by inhalation.

||A*to"le (?), n. [Mex. Sp.] A porridge or gruel of maize meal and water, milk, or the like. [Sp. Amer.]

A*tone"ment, n. -- Day of Atonement (Jewish Antiq.), the only fast day of the Mosaic ritual, celebrated on the tenth day of the seventh month (Tisri), according to the rites described in Leviticus xvi.

||A"tri*um, n. (Anat.) A cavity, entrance, or passage; as, the atrium, or atrial cavity, in the body wall of the amphioxus; an atrium of the infundibula of the lungs, etc.

At*trac"tion sphere. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The central mass of the aster in mitotic cell division; centrosphere. (b) Less often, the mass of archoplasm left by the aster in the resting cell.

2. (Bot.) A small body situated on or near the nucleus in the cells of some of the lower plants, consisting of two centrospheres containing centrosomes. It exercises an important function in mitosis.

At*tri"tus (?), n. [L. attritus, p. p. of atterere; ad + terere to rub.] Matter pulverized by attrition.

Auc"tion bridge. A variety of the game of bridge in which the players, beginning with the dealer, bid for the privilege of naming the trump and playing with the dummy for that deal, there being heavy penalties for a player's failure to make good his bid. The score value of each trick more than six taken by the successful bidder is as follows: when the trump is spades, 2; clubs, 6; diamonds, 7; hearts, 8; royal spades (lilies), 9; and when the deal is played with no trump, 10.

Auction pitch. A game of cards in which the players bid for the privilege of determining or "pitching" the trump suit. R. F. Foster.

Au"dile (?), n. [L. audire to hear.] (Psychol.) One whose thoughts take the form of mental sounds or of internal discourse rather than of visual or motor images.

||Auf"klä*rung (?), n. [G., enlightenment.] A philosophic movement of the 18th century characterized by a lively questioning of authority, keen interest in matters of politics and general culture, and an emphasis on empirical method in science. It received its impetus from the unsystematic but vigorous skepticism of Pierre Bayle, the physical doctrines of Newton, and the epistemological theories of Locke, in the preceding century. Its chief center was in France, where it gave rise to the skepticism of Voltaire , the naturalism of Rousseau, the sensationalism of Condillac, and the publication of the "Encyclopedia" by D'Alembert and Diderot. In Germany, Lessing, Mendelssohn, and Herder were representative thinkers, while the political doctrines of the leaders of the American Revolution and the speculations of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine represented the movement in America.

||Au` fond" (?). [F., lit., at the bottom.] At bottom; fundamentally; essentially.

||Au` gra`tin" (?). [F.] (Cookery) With a crust made by browning in the oven; as, spaghetti may be served au gratin.

{ Auld licht (?), Auld light }. (Eccl. Hist.) (a) A member of the conservative party in the Church of Scotland in the latter part of the 18th century. (b) Same as Burgher, n., 2.

||Au` re*voir" (?). [F., lit., to the seeing again.] Good-by until we meet again.

Au`ri*lave (?), n. [L. auris ear + lavare to wash.] An instrument for cleansing the ear, consisting of a small piece of sponge on an ivory or bone handle.

Aus"tral (?), a. (Biogeography) Designating, or pert. to, a zone extending across North America between the Transition and Tropical zones, and including most of the United States and central Mexico except the mountainous parts.

Aus*tra"li*an bal"lot. (Law) A system of balloting or voting in public elections, originally used in South Australia, in which there is such an arrangement for polling votes that secrecy is compulsorily maintained, and the ballot used is an official ballot printed and distributed by the government.

||Aus"zug` (ous"ts&oomac;k), n.; Ger. pl. -zÜge (-tsü`g&etilde;). [G.] See Army organization, Switzerland.

Au"to- (?). An abbrev. of automobile, used as a prefix with the meaning of self-moving, self- propelling; as, an autocar, an autocarriage, an autotruck, etc., an automobile car, carriage, truck, etc.

Au`to*ca*tal"y*sis (?), n. [Auto- + catalysis.] (Chem.) Self-catalysis; catalysis of a substance by one of its own products, as of silver oxide by the silver formed by reduction of a small portion of it. -- Au`to*cat`a*lyt"ic (#), a.

Au`to*clas"tic (?), a. [See Auto- ; Clastic.] (Geol.) Broken in place; -- said of rocks having a broken or brecciated structure due to crushing, in contrast to those of brecciated materials brought from a distance.

Au`to*co*her"er (?), n. [Auto- + coherer.] (Wireless Teleg.) A self-restoring coherer, as a microphonic detector.

Au`to*dy*nam"ic (?), a. [Auto- + dynamic.] Supplying its own power, as a hydraulic ram.

Au*tœ"cious (?), a. [Auto- + Gr. &?; house.] (Biol.) Passing through all its stages on one host, as certain parasitic fungi; -- contrasted with heterœcious.

Au*tœ"cism (?), n. Quality of being autœcious.

Au`to*ge*net"ic, a. (Phys. Geog.) Pertaining to, controlled by, or designating, a system of self- determined drainage.

Autogenetic drainage. (Phys. Geog.) A system of natural drainage developed by the constituent streams through headwater erosion.

Autogenetic topography. (Phys. Geog.) A system of land forms produced by the free action of rain and streams on rocks of uniform texture.

Au*tog"e*nous (?), a. Autogenetic.

Au"to*harp (?), n. [Auto- + harp.] A zitherlike musical instrument, provided with dampers which, when depressed, deaden some strings, leaving free others that form a chord.

Au`to*hyp*not"ic (?), a. Pert. to autohypnotism; self-hypnotizing. -- n. An autohypnotic person.

Au`to*hyp"no*tism (?), n. [Auto- + hypnotism.] Hypnotism of one's self by concentration of the attention on some object or idea.

Au`to-in*fec"tion, n. [Auto- + infection.] (Med.) Poisoning caused by a virus that originates and develops in the organism itself.

Au`to-in*oc`u*la"tion, n. [Auto- + inoculation.] (Med.) Inoculation of a person with virus from his own body.

Au`to-in*tox`i*ca"tion, n. [Auto- + intoxication.] (Med.) Poisoning, or the state of being poisoned, from toxic substances produced within the body; autotoxæmia.

||Au`to*ki*ne"sis (?), n. [NL.; auto- + Gr. &?; motion.] (Physiol.) Spontaneous or voluntary movement; movement due to an internal cause.

Au`to*ki*net"ic (?), a. [Auto- + kinetic.] Self-moving; moving automatically.

Autokinetic system. In fire-alarm telegraphy, a system so arranged that when one alarm is being transmitted, no other alarm, sent in from another point, will be transmitted until after the first alarm has been disposed of.

Au`to*mixte" system (?). (Mach.) A system (devised by Henri Pieper, a Belgian) of driving automobiles employing a gasoline engine and an auxiliary reversible dynamo. When there is an excess of power the dynamo is driven by the engine so as to charge a small storage battery; when there is a deficiency of power the dynamo reverses and acts as an auxiliary motor. Sometimes called Pieper system. -- Automixte car, etc.

Au`to*mo"bile (?), n. [F.] An automobile vehicle or mechanism; esp., a self-propelled vehicle suitable for use on a street or roadway. Automobiles are usually propelled by internal combustion engines (using volatile inflammable liquids, as gasoline or petrol, alcohol, naphtha, etc.), steam engines, or electric motors. The power of the driving motor varies from about 4 to 50 H. P. for ordinary vehicles, ranging from the run- about to the touring car, up to as high as 200 H. P. for specially built racing cars. Automobiles are also commonly, and generally in British usage, called motor cars.

Au`to*mo"bil*ism (?), n. The use of automobiles, or the practices, methods, or the like, of those who use them. -- Au`to*mo"bil*ist, n.

Au`to*path"ic (?), a. [See Auto-, and Pathic, a.] (Med.) Dependent upon, or due or relating to, the structure and characteristics of the diseased organism; endopathic; as, an autopathic disease; an autopathic theory of diseases.

Au*toph"a*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; self + &?; to eat.] (Med.) The feeding of the body upon itself, as in fasting; nutrition by consumption of one's own tissues.

Au`to*pneu*mat"ic (?), a. [Auto- + pneumatic.] Acting or moving automatically by means of compressed air.

Au`to*sta*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Auto- + stability.] (Mechanics) Automatic stability; also, inherent stability. An aëroplane is inherently stable if it keeps in steady poise by virtue of its shape and proportions alone; it is automatically stable if it keeps in steady poise by means of self- operative mechanism.

Au`to*sug*ges"tion (?), n. [Auto- + suggestion.] (Med.) Self-suggestion as distinguished from suggestion coming from another, esp. in hypnotism. Autosuggestion is characteristic of certain mental conditions in which expectant belief tends to produce disturbance of function of one or more organs.

||Au`to*tox*æ"mi*a, -tox*e"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL. See Auto-, and Toxæmia.] (Physiol.) Self-intoxication. See Auto- intoxication.

Au`to*tox"ic (?), a. [Auto- + toxic.] (Med.) Pertaining to, or causing, autotoxæmia.

Au`to*tox`i*ca"tion (?), n. [Auto- + toxication.] (Physiol.) Same as Auto- intoxication.

Au`to*trans*form"er (?), n. [Auto- + transformer.] (Elec.) A transformer in which part of the primary winding is used as a secondary winding, or vice versa; -- called also a compensator or balancing coil.

Au`to*troph"ic (?), a. [Auto- + trophic.] (Plant Physiol.) Capable of self- nourishment; -- said of all plants in which photosynthetic activity takes place, as opposed to parasitism or saprophytism.

Au*tot"ro*pism (?), n. [Auto- + Gr. &?; to turn.] (Plant Physiol.) The tendency of plant organs to grow in a straight line when uninfluenced by external stimuli.

Au"tun*ite (?), n. [From Autun, France, its locality.] (Min.) A lemon-yellow phosphate of uranium and calcium occurring in tabular crystals with basal cleavage, and in micalike scales. H., 2-2.5. Sp. gr., 3.05-3.19.

Aux*e"to*phone (?), n. [Gr. &?; that may be increased + &?; sound, voice.] A pneumatic reproducer for a phonograph, controlled by the recording stylus on the principle of the relay. It produces much clearer and louder tones than does the ordinary vibrating disk reproducer.

Aux*om"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; to increase + -meter.] (Optics) An instrument for measuring the magnifying power of a lens or system of lenses.

A*ven"a*lin (?), n. [L. avena eats.] (Chem.) A crystalline globulin, contained in oat kernels, very similar in composition to excelsin, but different in reactions and crystalline form.

Av`er*run*ca"tor (?), n. An instrument for pruning trees, having two blades, or a blade and a hook, fixed on a long rod and operated by a string or wire.

A*ves"tan (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Avesta or the language of the Avesta. -- n. The language of the Avesta; -- less properly called Zend.

||A`vi*a"do (?), n. [Sp.] One who works a mine with means provided by another. [Sp. Amer. & Southwestern U. S.]

A"vi*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aviated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aviating.] To fly, or navigate the air, in an aëroplane or heavier-than-air flying machine. [Colloq.]

A"vi*a`tor (?), n. The driver or pilot of an aëroplane, or heavier-than-air flying machine.

{ A"vi*a`tress (?), A`vi*a"trix (?) }, n. A woman aviator.

A`vi*ette" (?), n. A heavier-than- air flying machine in which the motive power is furnished solely by the aviator.

Awk"ward squad. (Mil.) A squad of inapt recruits assembled for special drill.

{ Ax"min*ster (?), n., or Axminster carpet }. (a) [More fully chenille Axminster.] A variety of Turkey carpet, woven by machine or, when more than 27 inches wide, on a hand loom, and consisting of strips of worsted chenille so colored as to produce a pattern on a stout jute backing. It has a fine soft pile. So called from Axminster, England, where it was formerly (1755 -- 1835) made. (b) A similar but cheaper machine- made carpet, resembling moquette in construction and appearance, but finer and of better material.

A*zo"gue (?), n. [Sp. See Azoth.] Lit.: Quicksilver; hence: pl. (Mining) Silver ores suitable for treatment by amalgamation with mercury. [Sp. Amer.]

Az"ole (?), n. [From Azote.] (Org. Chem.) Any of a large class of compounds characterized by a five-membered ring which contains an atom of nitrogen and at least one other noncarbon atom (nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur). The prefixes furo-, thio, and pyrro- are used to distinguish three subclasses of azoles, which may be regarded as derived respectively from furfuran, thiophene, and pyrrol by replacement of the CH group by nitrogen; as, furo-monazole. Names exactly analogous to those for the azines are also used; as, oxazole, diazole, etc.

||A*zo"te (?), n. [Sp.] A switch or whip. [Sp. Amer.]

Az"ot*ed (?), a. Nitrogenized; nitrogenous.

{ Az"o*tine (?), n. Also - tin }. [Azote + -ine.] 1. An explosive consisting of sodium nitrate, charcoal, sulphur, and petroleum.

2. = 1st Ammonite, 2.

||Az`o*tu"ri*a (?), n. [NL.; azote + Gr. &?; urine.] (Med.) Excess of urea or other nitrogenous substances in the urine.

B.

Bab (?), n. [Per.] Lit., gate; -- a title given to the founder of Babism, and taken from that of Bab- ud-Din, assumed by him.

{ Bab"ism (?), Bab"i*ism (?) }, n. The doctrine of a modern religious pantheistical sect in Persia, which was founded, about 1844, by Mirza Ali Mohammed ibn Rabhik (1820 -- 1850), who assumed the title of Bab- ed-Din (Per., Gate of the Faith). Babism is a mixture of Mohammedan, Christian, Jewish, and Parsi elements. This doctrine forbids concubinage and polygamy, and frees women from many of the degradations imposed upon them among the orthodox Mohammedans. Mendicancy, the use of intoxicating liquors and drugs, and slave dealing, are forbidden; asceticism is discountenanced. -- Bab"ist, n.

{ Ba*bul", Ba*bool" (?) }, n. [See Bablah.] (Bot.) Any one of several species of Acacia, esp. A. Arabica, which yelds a gum used as a substitute for true gum arabic.

In place of Putney's golden gorse
The sickly babul blooms.

Kipling.

Ba*cil"lar, a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or produced by, the organism bacillus; bacillary.

Bac"il*la*ry, a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to bacilli; produced by, or containing, bacilli; bacillar; as, a bacillary disease.

Back fire. (a) A fire started ahead of a forest or prairie fire to burn only against the wind, so that when the two fires meet both must go out for lack of fuel. (b) A premature explosion in the cylinder of a gas or oil engine during the exhaust or the compression stroke, tending